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Eyes

Yorkshire Terrier Eyes:
Color, Appearance, Care, Cleaning & Conditions

Overview

This section covers all Yorkshire Terrier eye aspects including eye color, shape and appearance per breed standards and routine (yet important) care and cleaning. We also discuss common eye issues seen with the Yorkshire Terrier breed. 

Close up of Yorkshire Terrier

Yorkshire Terrier Eye Color

Purebred Yorkshire Terries have brown eyes, described in breed standards as ‘dark’. As like most canines, Yorkshire Terrier puppies are born with blue eyes (often dark blue). As the pup matures, the eyes will gradually transition from dark blue to brown by the age of 8 to 12 weeks old. 

Eye Color and Shape Per Breed Standards

A canine breed standard outlines the ideal traits, temperament, and appearance for a specific breed. These standards are developed by breed clubs and officially recognized by kennel clubs or dog registry organizations. Let’s see how major kennel clubs describe the eyes of the Yorkshire Terrier:


  • AKC (American Kennel Club): Eyes are medium in size and not too prominent; dark in color and sparkling with a sharp, intelligent expression. Eye rims are dark.
  • CKC (Canadian Kennel Club): Eyes oval, dark and sparkling, having a sharp, intelligent expression, placed so as to look directly forward. They should not be prominent and the eye rims should be dark in colour. 
  • KC (Kennel Club of the UK) and FCI (International Canine Federation): Eyes - Medium, dark, sparkling, with sharp intelligent expression and placed to look directly forward. Not prominent. Edge of eyelids dark.


Summary and Note: The Yorkshire Terrier’s dark eye color is a key characteristic that complements their overall appearance and expression. Any deviation from dark brown eyes, such as light eyes, is considered a fault or disqualification in show rings, depending on the specific rules of the kennel club.

Yorkshire Terrier Eye Shine

The concept of "eye shine" in Yorkshire Terriers has sparked a fascinating discussion among breed enthusiasts and breeders, revealing a mix of anecdotal evidence and personal observations. The topic centers around the reflection color seen in a Yorkie's eyes when photographed with a flash or under certain lighting conditions, suggesting a possible correlation with the dog's future coat texture and color.


Some people note that puppies whose eyes reflect green or blue tend to develop lighter coats, while those with red eye shine might have darker, more golden coats. Others believe that the color of eye shine could indicate the coat's texture (green or blue for silky coats and red for cottony coats). 



Yet, this theory isn't universally accepted or scientifically proven, with many acknowledging it as an interesting observation rather than a reliable breeding tool.

Yorkshire Terrier Routine Eye Area Cleaning

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Regularly wiping the eye area of your Yorkshire Terrier is an important grooming task. This simple, yet effective, routine helps keep the eye area free from debris, allergens, rheum (commonly referred to as "eye sleep" or "crust"), food specks and other small debris, which can cause irritation or infections if allowed to enter the eyes. Additionally, this routine ensures the hairs around the eyes remain soft, minimizing the likelihood of them poking or irritating the eyes.


Supplies: It's recommended to use canine eye wipes that are specifically designed for pets, ensuring they are gentle enough not to irritate the eyes while effectively cleaning the surrounding hairs. One that we recommend is Project Watson Dog Eyelid Wipes which are textured, round wipes pre-moistened with a gentle aloe-based cleanser.


Instructions: Gently sweep around the eye area, avoiding direct contact with the eye itself. Clean one eye area at a time, using one wipe for each side. This can be done in 3 short steps: 


  1. Start from the inner corner near the nose and move above the eye, along the brow. 
  2. Start from the inner corner near the nose and move down under the eye. 
  3. Start from the inner corner swipe down, curving around the nose. 
Yorkshire Terrier Eye Cleaning Steps

Frequency: This cleaning can be done as often as needed, ranging from daily to weekly, depending on your Yorkie’s activities and environment. 

Common Yorkshire Terrier Eye Issues 

Common Yorkshire Terrier eye issues include cataracts, conjunctivitis, corneal abrasions and ulcerations, distichiasis and ectopic cilia, dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) and retinal dysplasia. Next, we will look at the details of these conditions.

Cataracts 

Cataracts are notably prevalent in dogs, particularly in specific breeds like terriers. They cause the eye's clear lens to become cloudy, leading to a progressive condition that may result in blindness. Cataracts with less than 30% opacity may not impact the dog, but those with 60% or greater opacity typically cause vision problems. This often affects both eyes, but not always at the same time.

Symptoms:

Signs of cataracts manifest as a blue, gray, or white film over the eye, distinct from nuclear sclerosis (an age-related, less severe lens clouding in older dogs) underscoring the importance of a veterinary diagnosis. Other symptoms include frequent blinking, eye irritation, and vision impairment, notably challenges in navigating or seeing in dim lighting.

Causes:

Cataracts in Yorkshire Terriers are commonly genetic. Canine diabetes is a major risk factor, with roughly 75% of affected dogs developing cataracts quickly. Other contributing factors are eye trauma, aging (particularly in senior dogs over 8) and hypocalcemia, or low blood calcium levels.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosing cataracts involves various tests, with electroretinography—a method assessing retinal cell responses—being widely used. Additional assessments may include pressure tests for glaucoma exclusion and other vision-related examinations.

Treatment: 

Treatment for cataracts in dogs, including Yorkshire Terriers, varies based on the stage of the condition and its impact on vision. Early-stage cataracts might be managed with close monitoring and supportive care, while advanced cases often require surgery. Treatment steps include: 


  • Monitoring: Veterinary ophthalmologists may recommend regular check-ups to monitor the progression of early-stage cataracts, intervening only when necessary.
  • Medication: Specific eye drops may be used to reduce inflammation or manage other symptoms associated with cataracts, though they cannot reverse the condition.
  • Managing Underlying Conditions: For cataracts caused by diabetes or other systemic issues, controlling the underlying disease is crucial to slowing the progression of cataracts.
  • Nutritional Support: A diet rich in antioxidants can support eye health and may help slow the development of cataracts.
  • Surgical Evaluation: In cases where cataracts are significantly impairing vision but haven't yet reached the 60% opacity threshold, early surgical intervention might be considered beneficial.
  • Phacoemulsification surgery: If a cataract is near, at, or over 60% opacity, surgery must be performed as soon as possible to help save a dog’s eyesight. One technique that has a 90% success rate is phacoemulsification. This surgery involves using ultrasonic vibrations to break up the cataract, removing the fragments, and then inserting a synthetic lens to restore vision.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for Yorkshire Terriers with cataracts varies; timely and successful surgery can substantially improve vision, though not to perfection, due to the limitations of the artificial lens and potential scar tissue formation. Nevertheless, surgery can preserve vision and prevent the recurrence of cataracts in the treated eye.

Prevention:

Preventing cataracts in dogs, involves a multifaceted approach focused on minimizing risk factors. 


  • Regular Veterinary Check-ups: Essential for detecting and managing diabetes, which increases cataract risk. A healthy diet and exercise can prevent diabetes and cataracts.
  • Eye Protection: Avoid hazardous environments and supervise play to prevent eye injuries that could lead to cataracts.
  • Genetic Screening: Identifies cataract risks in predisposed breeds useful for both breeders and owners for early detection and care.
  • Diet and Hydration: A balanced diet and proper hydration help prevent hypocalcemia (low levels of calcium in the blood),contributing to overall eye health.


Adopting these strategies may not eliminate all cataract risks, particularly genetic ones, but can significantly lower the chances and impact of cataracts in dogs.


Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

Conjunctivitis, commonly known as Pink Eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and eye surface. This condition can affect dogs of any age, breed, or sex, causing discomfort and potential damage if left untreated.

Symptoms:

Signs include redness and swelling of the eye(s), excessive tearing, a thick yellow or green discharge, frequent blinking or squinting, and sometimes a noticeable aversion to light. Dogs may also rub their eyes against surfaces due to irritation.

Causes: 

Conjunctivitis can result from bacterial or viral infections, allergic reactions to environmental factors like pollen or dust, or as a symptom of other eye diseases. Physical irritants, such as smoke or shampoo, can also trigger it.

Diagnosis: 

Veterinarians typically diagnose conjunctivitis through a thorough eye examination. Swabs of the eye discharge may be analyzed to determine if bacteria or viruses are present, and allergy testing can be conducted if an allergic reaction is suspected.

Treatment: 

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotic eye drops or ointments, while allergic conjunctivitis may require corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and antihistamines to manage allergic responses. Keeping the eye clean and free from discharge is also important. If conjunctivitis is part of a broader eye condition, treatment will be aimed at the underlying issue.

Prognosis: 

With prompt and appropriate treatment, the prognosis for dogs with conjunctivitis is generally excellent. Recovery times can vary depending on the cause but addressing the condition early helps prevent complications and more serious eye issues. Continuous management may be necessary for chronic or recurring cases, especially those triggered by allergies.


Corneal Abrasions and Ulcerations

The cornea, the clear front surface of the eye, consists of four layers: the epithelium (outer layer), basement membrane, stroma (middle layer), and Descemet's membrane (inner layer). Damage to these layers can result in corneal abrasions, ulcers, or descemetoceles, affecting the eye's health and function. This sort of damage is often placed into one of three categories:


  1. Corneal Abrasion: A superficial scratch affecting only the epithelium.
  2. Corneal Ulcer: A deeper wound that penetrates the epithelium and reaches the basement membrane or stroma.
  3. Descemetocele: A severe injury extending through the first three layers to the Descemet's membrane. If this layer ruptures, it can lead to the collapse of the eyeball due to the loss of intraocular fluid.

Symptoms:

Signs include intense pain leading to pawing at the eye, rubbing against objects, light sensitivity, squinting, and possibly discharge.

Causes:

Causes range from direct trauma, such as scratches or punctures, to underlying conditions like distichiasis (Also see: Distichiasis ahead), chemical irritation, infections, dry eye syndrome, diabetes, and hypothyroidism.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosing corneal ulcers with Yorkshire Terriers involves a fluorescein stain test, where a dye is applied to the eye to highlight abrasions or ulcers under a special light. This test helps veterinarians assess the extent of corneal damage.

Treatment:

Treatment must be tailored to the specific type of corneal damage:


  • For abrasions, minor injuries typically heal within a week with supportive care, including topical antibiotics and wearing a protective collar to prevent further self-inflicted injury.
  • Ulcers and descemetoceles may require more intensive treatment, including surgery to repair the damage. Surgical options vary from stitching the eyelid closed to promote healing, to performing grafts or transplants for severe cases. In instances where ulcers do not heal properly, surgical debridement to remove dead cells around the ulcer may be necessary to facilitate healing.


Important note: If there is no improvement or worsening of symptoms within 2-3 days, a reevaluation by the veterinarian is critical to prevent misdiagnosis and ensure appropriate treatment.



Prompt and accurate diagnosis, followed by appropriate treatment, is crucial for the healing of corneal injuries and the prevention of potential complications, including vision loss. Regular monitoring and veterinary care are essential for dogs showing signs of eye discomfort or injury.


Distichiasis and Ectopic Cilia

Distichiasis and ectopic cilia are two eye conditions that can affect dogs; the Yorkshire Terrier breed is prone to this. These conditions involve abnormal eyelash growth, leading to discomfort and potential damage to the eye.


Distichiasis is a condition where eyelashes grow from the Meibomian glands located on the edge of the eyelid, pointing inward towards the eyeball. This can cause irritation to the cornea and conjunctiva.


Ectopic Cilia, on the other hand, involves the growth of eyelashes through the conjunctiva (the lining of the inside of the eyelids and the white part of the eye), directly touching the cornea, which can lead to more severe irritation and discomfort than distichiasis.

Symptoms:

Common signs of distichiasis and ectopic cilia in Yorkshire Terriers are varied and often indicate discomfort or irritation in the eye area. There may be excessive blinking ( blepharospasm), watery eyes, eye redness and/or inflammation. Dogs affected by these conditions may display visible discomfort or pain, which can manifest as pawing at the eye, an attempt to remove the source of irritation. 


In more severe cases, corneal ulcers or abrasions can occur, indicating that the abnormal eyelashes have caused significant damage to the surface of the eye.

Causes:

While the exact genetic mechanisms are not fully understood, both conditions are primarily considered to be hereditary, suggesting a genetic predisposition in certain breeds like Yorkshire Terriers.

Diagnosis:

Veterinarians typically diagnose these conditions through a thorough eye examination, which may include:


  • Visual inspection to identify abnormal eyelash growth
  • Slit lamp biomicroscopy to examine the eyes in greater detail
  • Fluorescein staining to reveal any corneal abrasions or ulcers caused by the irritation

Treatment:

Treatment options vary based on the severity of the condition and the symptoms presented:


  • Mild cases may not require treatment if the dog is not experiencing significant discomfort.
  • Mechanical epilation (plucking) is a temporary solution but may need to be repeated as the hairs grow back.
  • Cryosurgery or laser surgery to permanently remove the problematic eyelashes is often recommended for more severe or recurrent cases.
  • Topical ointments or drops may be prescribed to manage inflammation and prevent infection.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for Yorkshire Terriers with distichiasis or ectopic cilia is generally good, especially with early detection and proper treatment. While some dogs may require ongoing management or surgical intervention, most can lead normal, comfortable lives without significant impact on their vision or overall well-being.


In managing these conditions, regular veterinary check-ups are crucial to monitor the health of your Yorkshire Terrier's eyes and to address any changes in their condition promptly.


Dry Eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca)

Dry Eye, scientifically known as keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is a condition where the tear glands fail to produce enough tears, leading to inadequate moisture on the eye's surface. This lack of lubrication can cause discomfort and, in severe cases, damage to the eye. It's more prevalent in middle-aged and senior dogs but can affect any age group.

Symptoms:

Symptoms include persistent blinking, redness of the eyes, thick discharge, the appearance of the third eyelid, eyelid inflammation, and potential vision problems. Untreated, it can result in scarring and possibly complete vision loss.

Causes:

Primary factors are often systemic diseases like canine distemper or diabetes, reactions to medications, and certain neurological conditions. Environmental factors such as dry air and dehydration, alongside poor nutrition, can also contribute.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis involves the Schirmer Tear Test to measure tear production, with low readings indicating dry eye. Fluorescein staining may also be used to identify any corneal abrasions or ulcers, and additional tests can assess for infections. 

Treatment:

Treatment, overseen by a veterinarian, may include artificial tears and lubricating eye drops to supplement moisture, alongside anti-inflammatory medications to reduce discomfort. Antibiotics are prescribed if an infection is present. Surgery might be considered in cases where tear duct obstruction is identified. Follow-up includes repeat Schirmer Tear Tests to monitor improvement. Continuous treatment with artificial tears may be necessary for lifelong management.

Prognosis:

Early detection and treatment typically result in a very good prognosis. However, delayed treatment leading to significant scarring can impair vision, highlighting the importance of prompt veterinary care. 


Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA)

Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) in Yorkshire Terriers is a degenerative eye disorder that primarily affects the retina, leading to eventual blindness. This genetic condition is not exclusive to Yorkshire Terriers but is notably prevalent among them.


PRA tends to manifest between the ages of 3 and 5 years, although it can appear at any age. The disorder is characterized by the gradual deterioration of the photoreceptor cells within the retina. This degeneration begins by impairing the dog's ability to see in low light conditions and progressively leads to complete vision loss, severely affecting the dog's quality of life as it advances

Symptoms:

The signs of PRA in Yorkshire Terriers progress from subtle to more evident as the condition advances:



  • Initial difficulty seeing in low light or at night (night blindness)
  • Dilated pupils that reflect more light than normal
  • Increased clumsiness as vision deteriorates
  • Eventual daytime blindness
  • Possible development of a cloudy appearance in the eyes due to secondary conditions like cataracts

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of PRA in Yorkshire Terriers involves a comprehensive eye examination by a veterinarian, often including:


  • Ophthalmoscopic examination to inspect the retina directly
  • Electroretinography (ERG) to test the retina's response to light, confirming the diagnosis by revealing reduced or absent function of the photoreceptors
  • Genetic testing to identify the presence of genes associated with PRA, especially useful for early detection or breeding advice

Treatment:

There is no cure for PRA, and treatment focuses on managing the condition to ensure the dog's quality of life:


  • Maintaining a consistent environment to help the dog navigate despite vision loss
  • Using protective gear or modifying the home to prevent injuries from bumping into objects
  • Regular veterinary check-ups to monitor for secondary conditions like cataracts, which may be treatable

Prognosis:

While PRA inevitably leads to blindness, the prognosis for Yorkshire Terriers with this condition is generally positive regarding quality of life. Dogs are remarkably adaptable to vision loss, especially with supportive care and a stable environment. Owners can help their Yorkies lead full and happy lives by making necessary adjustments and providing a safe, consistent home.


Progressive Retinal Dysplasia (PRD)

Progressive Retinal Dysplasia (PRD) in Yorkshire Terriers is a distinct condition from the previous Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), though both affect the retina and can lead to vision problems. PRD refers to a group of hereditary retinal disorders that can lead to retinal detachment and blindness. It is characterized by abnormal development of the retina from birth, with symptoms and severity varying widely.

Symptoms: 

The signs of PRD in Yorkshire Terriers may vary based on the severity of the condition:


  • Mild cases may show no visible symptoms, with the dogs having normal vision.
  • More significant forms can lead to noticeable vision impairment, including reluctance to go into dark or unfamiliar spaces.
  • In severe cases, complete blindness may occur, often accompanied by visible changes in the eye, such as a change in eye shape or size due to retinal detachment.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis of PRD in Yorkshire Terriers involves a comprehensive eye exam by a veterinary ophthalmologist, which may include:


  • Detailed examination of the retina using ophthalmoscopy.
  • Ultrasound imaging if retinal detachment is suspected.
  • Genetic testing, where available, to confirm the diagnosis and identify carriers of the condition.

Treatment:

There is no cure for PRD, and treatment options are limited:


  • In cases where retinal detachment occurs, surgical intervention may be attempted to reattach the retina, though the success and feasibility of surgery depend on the individual case and severity of detachment.
  • Management of PRD primarily focuses on maintaining the dog's quality of life, adapting their environment to their visual capabilities.

Prognosis:

The prognosis for Yorkshire Terriers with PRD varies:


  • Dogs with mild forms of PRD may live normal lives with minimal impact on their vision.
  • Those with severe retinal dysplasia or detachment face a higher risk of blindness. However, with appropriate care and environmental management, these dogs can still lead happy and fulfilling lives despite their visual impairment.


Early detection through regular veterinary eye examinations is crucial for managing PRD in Yorkshire Terriers, enabling owners to adapt their care and environment to better suit their dog's needs.


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